The bandwidth limitations of resonant, electrically small antennas that fully occupy a spherical volume are well defined by the inverse of the Chu-limit or the lower bound on quality factor.
Optimization of the Bandwidth of Electrically Small Planar Antennas
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The bandwidth limitations of resonant, electrically small antennas that fully occupy a spherical volume are well defined by the inverse of the Chu-limit or the lower bound on quality factor. Recently, Gustafsson et al developed lower bounds for the Q of antennas of arbitrary shape. We have previously described antenna designs fully occupying a spherical volume and a cylindrical volume that exhibit Q's close to the Chu-limit and close to the Gustafsson limit, respectively.